The term “poltergeist” translates from the German as “Noisy Ghost”. Poltergeist activity includes knocks and rapping, disembodied voices, shadows, furniture or other objects moving on their own, and sometimes violent physical assault. Sounds like just about any intelligent haunting, right? So why do so many paranormal investigators think there’s something else going on? Let’s look at some famous cases to see for ourselves.
The Bell Witch case is possibly the most famous American ghost story. The haunting began in 1817 when John Bell and his children first noticed that something was just not right at their Tennessee farm. At the time, the source of the activity was thought to be a curse placed on John Bell by a neighbor that he had cheated in a business deal. Simple knockings and whispers escalated into a full phantom assault on John Bell and his teenage daughter Betsy. Soon the family reported that Betsy became the main target of the attacks with scratches, hair pulling and punches all delivered by unseen hands. The family became so afraid for Betsy’s life that they attempted to remove her from the home, but the attacks just followed her into hiding. The Bell Witch haunting lasted until John Bell’s death in 1820 and then simply stopped.
The Enfield case is probably England’s most famous poltergeist case. The story begins in 1977 with Peggy Harper and her 4 children in their London home. As with the Bell case, the phenomena began slowly and quietly with furniture vibrating and moving then progressing to knocking sounds and toys moving on their own. Peggy first called in the police who referred her to the Society for Psychical Research (SPR). Investigators came out to the home on numerous occasions over several months. At first the home was quiet when the investigators were in residence, but soon, Peggy’s 11 year old daughter Janet became the focus of the activity. And while not as violent as the Bell case, the activity was just as disturbing to the family. The activity suddenly stopped 2 years after it began.
The Smurl case happened in Pennsylvania, again in the late 1970’s. The home occupied by the Smurl family was a duplex, with Janet, Jack and their children living in one half and Jack’s parents living in the other. As with other Poltergeist cases, the activity began slowly but soon progressed to more violent behavior. This case, however, differs from the other with the inclusion of the apparition of a dark shadowy figure. Soon activity became increasingly violent toward their young daughter Dawn, causing the family to become afraid to remain in their own home. They called in renowned demonologists, Ed and Lorraine Warren, who identified 4 entities in the home, one of which was demonic. Attempts to rid the home of these entities failed. Even when the family moved they continued to be plagued by violent activity until the mid-1980’s.
As we look briefly at these three cases, we can see some striking similarities. Each family was originally tight knit before paranormal activity began to tear them apart. And in each family was a teen or pre-teen girl. Even the activity reported was, in essence, the same.

If these cases are so similar why did three different sets of eyes looking at the evidence come up with three entirely different causes?
A curse. According to history record, John Bell entered into business with his neighbor who should have read the fine print. When, at the end of the deal, she came out with much less than she expected she took John Bell to court but lost her appeal for justice. She was heard to say that she would make him pay. Shortly after that the strange activity at the Bell farm began.
A Hoax. In the Enfield case, on one instance Janet was thrown out of her bed and upon reviewing the photographic evidence investigators began to suspect that she was faking the activity. At that point what began as an interesting haunted house became just another child seeking attention.
A Demon. In the Smurl case, Ed and Lorraine Warren said they felt demonic forces were at work in the family home. The dark figure seen by both women in the family had a menacing presence and led to an atmosphere of anxiety within the home.
It appears that the word “Poltergeist” has become a kind of catch-all for the type of significant activity that can be seen in just about any intelligent haunting where the entities involved exert enough energy to interact with the environment. It is even possible that investigators interpret the evidence based on their own point of view in regards to theory.
The current popular theory is that a human agent who is undergoing strong hormonal or emotional changes unconsciously creates the activity with previously undemonstrated psychic ability. A kind of impromptu telekinesis, if you will. These human agents are often teens of both genders, women undergoing menopause, women who have recently given birth or miscarried a child. Theory holds that as soon as the human agent’s hormones re-balance, the activity stops and their PSI ability leaves, never to be demonstrated again. But even this cause can’t be applied to all cases. Certainly not those cases where activity continues for several years like the Bell case and the Smurl case.
In addition, not all Poltergeist cases seem to require a human agent. Although there is often a human focus, the term human agent implies that the phenomenon has a human source and we have no conclusive evidence of that. As a matter of fact, poltergeist-like activity has been reported in locations where there is no single human agent.
Waverly Hills Sanatorium sees hundreds of visitors each year and paranormal research and ghost hunting groups investigate the site almost every night of the year. In this location, the transient nature of the occupants would seem to eliminate the human agent theory; however poltergeist-like activity is still reported. Trigger objects move on their own, knocks and raps are heard and even some physical contact with investigators and visitors has been reported. So if there is no human agent creating the activity through psychic means and there is no trickery, which would require some mass conspiracy, then what are we left with as an explanation?
This brings us back to the question at hand. What is a poltergeist and are all poltergeist cases created equal? Should we continue to use a word that has so thoroughly lost its meaning? Maybe we, as investigators, need to quit trying to label things we don’t understand and get back to the business of observing and cataloging phenomena and looking for correlations.
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Stephanie Davisson is the president of Puget Sound Ghost Hunters. She has travelled around the US lecturing on the paranormal and has had the privilege to investigate numerous sites in the US and Europe.